The Librarians of Babel

All names in this Index are by birth-certificate, which may not be the name by which you know them.

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d) The librarians of Babel
 

And the whole Earth was of one language and of one speech.  And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And each man said to his companion: "Come, let us bake bricks, and burn them thoroughly." So they had brick for building, and slime for mortar. And they said: "Come, let us build a city, and a tower, with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole Earth." And YHVH came down to see the city and the tower which the men had built. And YHVH said: "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do; and now nothing will be withheld from them, which they purpose to do. "Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, so that they cannot understand each other's speech." So YHVH scattered them abroad from there, over the whole face of the Earth; and they abandoned the building of the city. This is why the city was named Bavel; because there YHVH confused all the languages of the Earth; and from there YHVH scattered the people abroad across the whole face of the Earth.

 

Genesis 11 2:9 (my translation; for commentary and explanation click here)

 

 

THE LIBRARY AT BABEL

 

We did not intend to build this library. Our aim was greater than that. Our aim was to construct the Tower of Babel. But God intervened. He confused our language, so we could not communicate the plans for the Tower. A meeting was convened, to discuss what should be done, but none of us could understand the proposals, and so, by the tacit agreement of silence, the Tower was abandoned.

Unaware that I was not alone in this endeavour, I set out to create a perfect language (this is not it), one with which God could not interfere, one which would restore our powers of communication and thus enable us to resume the project. It has taken many years, but already there are several of us who have understood the basic problems. Between us we have gathered copies of all the books that exist, and have written countless more ourselves. That is why we built this library, which, as you can see, is so vast that it will soon reach the very gates of Heaven.


From my collection of minimalist tales “The Captive Bride” – click
here to purchase a copy


This page is therefore dedicated to the dictionnaires, the lexicographers, and all those who have invented ways of making language, and then of using language to enable understanding, to make thought articulate, and to share both of these with others.

Those who were actual librarians, however, can be found among the historians

Captain Charles Barbier de la Serre (born May 18 1767; died April 22 1841): invented night writing (though he called it “point-writing”) on Jan 4, and actually he also invented several other forms of shorthand and various alternate ways of writing, but it was his inspiring of Louis Braille that got him listed here; his page at the Musée Braille here, his page at the Perkins Institute here

Roland Gérard Barthes
(born Nov 12 1915; died March 26 1980): “he believed that individual units of meaning (words, for example) should be understood as parts of a larger system or 'structure'. Barthes' contribution to this idea lay in literary theory, where he developed an approach for identifying 'levels of language' in a text: the functions, the actions, and the narrative.” from here; bio here


before I continue... if you opened the second Barthes link, you will have noticed that his name was written alphabetically, as you had expected, but then, to assist you in pronouncing it, a phonetic version in brackets alongside. The first known study of phonetics was undertaken by Sanskrit grammarians as early as the 6th century BCE, with the Hindu scholar ini among the very first (click here]. A man named Daniel Jones is  widely considered the "father of English Phonetics" (click here], but the French under Paul Passy were already hard at it (click here); except that Sir Isaac Pitman was well ahead of them (click here), and there was also Alexander Melville’s “Visible Speech” (click here), Alexander Graham Bell’s “Universal Alphabet” is here, serving as a kind of foretaste for Ludwik Zamenhof’s Esperanto (click here); and I cannot resist adding Moshe Le Poncteur... I shall return to all of these as we progress down the page, and you may also want to see my page on the Alphabet at TheBibleNet (click here) – because, after all, are not all alphabets a phonetic system (and ours is also a Phoenetic system! isn’t that a lovely coincidence) for enabling the writing down of sounds?


Franz Bopp
(born Sept 14 1791; died October 23 1867): and nothing to do with the Hale-Bopp comet: that was Thomas Bopp, for whom see E,M&C2 ; this Bopp’s bio here, and I am also including a mention of William Jones, who is listed below, and who came up with the idea of “The Common Source” while studying Sanskrit; I am assuming that Bopp must have known this, because he is absolutely Jones’ successor and confirmer; a very detailed bio and explanation of his work here

Louis Braille (born Jan 4 1809; died January 6 1852): Simon-René Braille, Louis’ dad, is also on Jan 4, and in a sense a Tenzing, except that dads helping sons don’t count; the Braille website here (incredibly thorough except for one absence: there isn’t a Braille version of it, only this)

John Byrom
(born February 29 1692; died 26 September 1763): the poet who created Tweedledum on March 15, but listed here because he also created an unusual form of shorthand; click here for his book (If I could find one I would give you a link to a shorthand version of it, but alas I am unable to); bio here, and some of his poems here and here; and I am amused to note, in the context of this page, that he turned down the offer of a position as a professional librarian (click here)

Avram Noam Chomsky: (born Dec 7 1928, so still alive as I write this); turned out to be a Jewish Jew-hater, which is very sad; his website here; his Theory of Language Development here; the rejection of his Theory of Language Development here

Wilhelm Gesenius
(born February 3 1786; died October 23 1842): the Bible in word-by-word explanations on Jan 7; his bio here; his lexicon here;  a new wesbite in his name, currently under construction, here; nine mentions of him in TheBibleNet: use this link and then call up his name on your own “find” bar

Karl Heinrich Graf
: goes with Wellhausen, Bultmann and Dibelius (all three are on the reverend writers page) on Oct 10 as the founders of modern Bible Criticism (click here, or go to my page at TheBibleNet here); he published his contribution, “The Historical Books of the Old Testament”, in 1866; but all of it is Christian attempts to deal with the inconvenience of proper textual study and uphold its own ideology against the evidence


and pardon my interrupting again, but I know you are wondering why these last two paragraphs are here, and not, say, among the reverend writers or the serious scribes? and the answer is: because these are the folk who are trying to decipher the obscurities of the ancient languages, the very earliest attempts to outwit the deity, reading Babylonian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs or the ancient Chinese rod-alphabet and the Korean pictograms, the Brythonic tree-alphabet... all of which I shall include as we continue along this page, though several are already on the page of TheBibleNet (here) to which I directed you earlier...


Samuel Johnson
(born Sept 18 1709; died December 13 1784): dictionaried on April 15 (click here to use it),  mentioned on June 13 and 16, quoted on Oct 2, James Boswell on Oct 29 - his bio here; his London house here; his wesbiste here; some of his poems here (he uses a form that many have dismissed as doggerel, but actually, if you read it, this is rather more Pope than Betjeman)

William Jones (born September 28 1746; died April 27 1794): “Common source” on Feb 15 and here; his bio here; and see my note to Franz Bopp, above

Helen Adams Keller (born June 27 1880, died June 1 1968): gets her first word on April 5; graduated June 28; mentioned on Jan 4 and Dec 2 - bio here and here; her birthplace here; and see the section about her in “A Journey In Time

Anne Sullivan, her guide and mentor, is listed below


Pierre Athanase Larousse
(born Oct 23 1817; died January 3 1875): bio here; the dictionary here; the online French dictionary here; the now-translingual online dictionary here

Herbert Marshall McLuhan (born July 21 1911; died December 31 1980): his website here

George Merriam
(born January 20 1803; died June 22 1880) and Charles Merriam (born November 21 1806; died July 9 1887): turning Webster’s Dictionary into their own on April 21; their story and records here; the dictionary here

Samuel Finley Breese Morse
(born April 27 1791; died April 2 1872): in code on Jan 4; also mentioned on June 23 ; his bio in javascript here; his Fitzrovia Blue Plaque here; how to write in Morse code here; Morse the extremely competent though mostly-portraits painter here


Eliezer Perelman (Eliezer Ben Yehuda) revived Hebrew on his birthdate, Jan 7 (1858; he died on December 16 1922): mentioned on Jan 11 - bio here, the purely Hebrew dictionary here, the Hebrew-English dictionary here

        Devora Jonas and Hemda Jonas: sisters, and wives of Eliezer Perelman, on Jan 7

Peter Mark Roget
(born January 18 1779; died Sept 12 1869): click here to describe what happened that day; there are apparently one hundred and six options, though this seems to me a remarkable understatement, case of litotes, act of restraint... bio here; his involvement with the Royal Society here (he was its secretary for twenty years and only started the Thesaurus when he retired: click here for that)

Anne Sullivan (born April 14 1866; died October 20 1936): her achievement on April 5 and June 28; and this without the benefit of Braille, who is on Jan 4 – her listing at the Perkins Institute here

Noah Webster (born October 16 1758; died May 28 1843): defined on April 21 (but see also my links on the Merriam listing); an entire shelf of library guides here; the 1828 dictionary here; 250th anniversary at Amherst College here; New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts here; the Merriam-Webster website here

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (Ludoviko Lazaro in Esperanto): born Dec 15 1859; died April 14 1917): his bio here; his Retejo here; the meaning of Retejo here


*


There are several other very precise and specific languages, all of a non-verbal kind, which is probably why most schools don’t count them as languages, and therefore don't teach them as languages, though they should: 

Mathematics (Euler et al)

Music

The Periodic Table

Computer languages such as MS-Dos and Javascript

I shall return to the originators of all of these at some later date.




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